argvToScriptCommandLineWindows

fn argvToScriptCommandLineWindows(
    allocator: Allocator,
    /// Path to the `.bat`/`.cmd` script. If this path is relative, it is assumed to be relative to the CWD.
    /// The script must have been verified to exist at this path before calling this function.
    script_path: []const u16,
    /// Arguments, not including the script name itself. Expected to be encoded as WTF-8.
    script_args: []const []const u8,
) ArgvToScriptCommandLineError![:0]u16 {
    var buf = try std.array_list.Managed(u8).initCapacity(allocator, 64);
    defer buf.deinit();

    // `/d` disables execution of AutoRun commands.
    // `/e:ON` and `/v:OFF` are needed for BatBadBut mitigation:
    // > If delayed expansion is enabled via the registry value DelayedExpansion,
    // > it must be disabled by explicitly calling cmd.exe with the /V:OFF option.
    // > Escaping for % requires the command extension to be enabled.
    // > If it’s disabled via the registry value EnableExtensions, it must be enabled with the /E:ON option.
    // https://flatt.tech/research/posts/batbadbut-you-cant-securely-execute-commands-on-windows/
    buf.appendSliceAssumeCapacity("cmd.exe /d /e:ON /v:OFF /c \"");

    // Always quote the path to the script arg
    buf.appendAssumeCapacity('"');
    // We always want the path to the batch script to include a path separator in order to
    // avoid cmd.exe searching the PATH for the script. This is not part of the arbitrary
    // command execution mitigation, we just know exactly what script we want to execute
    // at this point, and potentially making cmd.exe re-find it is unnecessary.
    //
    // If the script path does not have a path separator, then we know its relative to CWD and
    // we can just put `.\` in the front.
    if (std.mem.findAny(u16, script_path, &[_]u16{
        std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '\\'), std.mem.nativeToLittle(u16, '/'),
    }) == null) {
        try buf.appendSlice(".\\");
    }
    // Note that we don't do any escaping/mitigations for this argument, since the relevant
    // characters (", %, etc) are illegal in file paths and this function should only be called
    // with script paths that have been verified to exist.
    try std.unicode.wtf16LeToWtf8ArrayList(&buf, script_path);
    buf.appendAssumeCapacity('"');

    for (script_args) |arg| {
        // Literal carriage returns get stripped when run through cmd.exe
        // and NUL/newlines act as 'end of command.' Because of this, it's basically
        // always a mistake to include these characters in argv, so it's
        // an error condition in order to ensure that the return of this
        // function can always roundtrip through cmd.exe.
        if (std.mem.findAny(u8, arg, "\x00\r\n") != null) {
            return error.InvalidBatchScriptArg;
        }

        // Separate args with a space.
        try buf.append(' ');

        // Need to quote if the argument is empty (otherwise the arg would just be lost)
        // or if the last character is a `\`, since then something like "%~2" in a .bat
        // script would cause the closing " to be escaped which we don't want.
        var needs_quotes = arg.len == 0 or arg[arg.len - 1] == '\\';
        if (!needs_quotes) {
            for (arg) |c| {
                switch (c) {
                    // Known good characters that don't need to be quoted
                    'A'...'Z', 'a'...'z', '0'...'9', '#', '$', '*', '+', '-', '.', '/', ':', '?', '@', '\\', '_' => {},
                    // When in doubt, quote
                    else => {
                        needs_quotes = true;
                        break;
                    },
                }
            }
        }
        if (needs_quotes) {
            try buf.append('"');
        }
        var backslashes: usize = 0;
        for (arg) |c| {
            switch (c) {
                '\\' => {
                    backslashes += 1;
                },
                '"' => {
                    try buf.appendNTimes('\\', backslashes);
                    try buf.append('"');
                    backslashes = 0;
                },
                // Replace `%` with `%%cd:~,%`.
                //
                // cmd.exe allows extracting a substring from an environment
                // variable with the syntax: `%foo:~<start_index>,<end_index>%`.
                // Therefore, `%cd:~,%` will always expand to an empty string
                // since both the start and end index are blank, and it is assumed
                // that `%cd%` is always available since it is a built-in variable
                // that corresponds to the current directory.
                //
                // This means that replacing `%foo%` with `%%cd:~,%foo%%cd:~,%`
                // will stop `%foo%` from being expanded and *after* expansion
                // we'll still be left with `%foo%` (the literal string).
                '%' => {
                    // the trailing `%` is appended outside the switch
                    try buf.appendSlice("%%cd:~,");
                    backslashes = 0;
                },
                else => {
                    backslashes = 0;
                },
            }
            try buf.append(c);
        }
        if (needs_quotes) {
            try buf.appendNTimes('\\', backslashes);
            try buf.append('"');
        }
    }

    try buf.append('"');

    return try std.unicode.wtf8ToWtf16LeAllocZ(allocator, buf.items);
}